Government Schemes & Programmes

Introduction

Government schemes and programmes form the operational backbone of India’s welfare state. They translate constitutional aspirations—enshrined in the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)—into tangible benefits for citizens. For UPSC aspirants, this subtopic is both a factual goldmine and a conceptual bridge: it connects polity (federal funding mechanisms), economy (subsidy regimes, Direct Benefit Transfer), social justice (targeted interventions for SC/ST/OBC/women), and current affairs (new launches, restructurings). In the 10 PYQs provided, the subtopic appears in diverse forms: direct identification of nodal ministries, understanding constitutional status of welfare, and even application of administrative vocabulary. However, many of these PYQs also spill into broader General Knowledge—geography (artificial lakes), ancient history (playwrights), ecology (biomes), and mineral resources (cobalt production). This tells us that UPSC does not test Government Schemes in isolation; it often embeds them within interlinked domains. A student who masters this subtopic learns to recognise when a question is really about scheme design, implementation architecture, or policy intent.

This chapter is designed to take you from zero to exam-ready. We begin with foundational concepts—what defines a scheme, how funding flows, and who implements it. Then we deep-dive into major programme clusters that have been repeatedly tested or are highly likely to appear. We dissect the 10 PYQs in worked examples, extracting reusable reasoning patterns. Finally, we equip you with memory aids, trap recognition, and trend-spotting techniques. By the end, you will not only recall facts but also apply the logic of government intervention to unfamiliar questions.

Core Concepts & Foundations

Before memorising any scheme name or year, you must internalise the vocabulary and classification systems that UPSC uses to frame questions. The following terms appear repeatedly in both the PYQs and in any serious analysis of government interventions.

Nodal Ministry: The central ministry that is primarily responsible for formulating, funding, and monitoring a particular scheme or programme. For example, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the nodal ministry for the Forest Rights Act, 2006. Tested in UPSC 2021.

Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS): A scheme where the central government shares the financial burden with states, usually in a fixed ratio (e.g., 60:40, 75:25). The central government provides the policy framework and a portion of funds, while states contribute the remainder and implement the scheme. Examples: MGNREGA, PM Awas Yojana.

Central Sector Scheme (CSS — careful: same acronym but different concept): A scheme fully funded by the central government, implemented directly by central agencies or states as agents. Examples: PM Kisan Samman Nidhi, Atal Pension Yojana. The distinction between Centrally Sponsored and Central Sector is a common trap UPSC sets in statement-based questions.

Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): A mechanism that transfers cash subsidies directly into the bank accounts of beneficiaries, bypassing intermediaries. Launched in 2013, DBT is now the default channel for most cash-transfer schemes. It improves efficiency, reduces leakage, and is often tested in the context of “financial inclusion” or “good governance”.

Welfare State: A concept in which the state assumes primary responsibility for the well-being of its citizens—through social security, health, education, and public services. In India, the ideal of a welfare state is declared in the Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV of the Constitution). Tested directly in UPSC 2020 (question: which part declares the ideal of Welfare State?). The correct answer is Directive Principles. The Preamble declares justice, liberty, equality, fraternity but not explicitly “welfare state”; Fundamental Rights are justiciable, not aspirational.

Flagship Scheme: A scheme that is given high priority and visibility by the government, usually with a dedicated budget, national coverage, and direct political oversight. Examples: Swachh Bharat Mission, Digital India, Ayushman Bharat. Flagship status often means the scheme is likely to be restructured or replaced after a change of government.

Outcome Budget & Output vs Outcome: UPSC has started asking about performance metrics. Output is the immediate deliverable (e.g., number of toilets built). Outcome is the eventual impact (e.g., reduction in open defecation). The shift from output-based to outcome-based budgeting is a current trend.

With these definitions in place, we can now map the architecture of Indian government schemes. Most schemes originate in the Five-Year Plans (now replaced by the NITI Aayog's medium-term framework). They are classified by target sector (social, agricultural, infrastructure) and by implementation mode (direct central, state-led, or through autonomous bodies). The Finance Commission recommends devolution of taxes, and schemes compete for allocation from the Gross Budgetary Support. Understanding this fiscal flow is critical: UPSC often asks which ministry funds a scheme or whether a scheme is under the State List or Concurrent List.

A foundational mistake students make is confusing the implementing agency with the nodal ministry. For example, the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) is implemented by the National Health Authority but the nodal ministry is Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Another layer of confusion arises when schemes are renamed or subsumed. For instance, the Indira Awaas Yojana was renamed PM Awas Yojana (Gramin) in 2016. UPSC tests both old and new names.

Major Clusters of Government Programmes (Deep-Dive Sections)

1. Rural Development & Poverty Alleviation Schemes

This cluster is the most frequently tested in terms of number of schemes and Constitutional linkage. The Directive Principles under Article 39, 41, 43, and 47 direct the state to secure adequate means of livelihood, raise the level of nutrition, and improve public health. Programmes like MGNREGA, NFSA, and PMAY-G are direct instruments to fulfil these goals.

MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005)

• Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (cost sharing: 60:40 between Centre and States; 100% central for wage component).
• Legal Right: It is a right-based scheme—every rural household is legally entitled to 100 days of unskilled manual work per financial year.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development.
• Key Features: 33% women participation (actually achieved over 50% in most states), wage linked to CPI-AL (Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers), social audit provision.
• UPSC Relevance: Frequently tested in Prelims (wage rates, state share, coverage of urban areas—no, it is only rural). Also in Mains under “welfare state” and “labour reforms”.

National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013

• Type: Central Sector Scheme (subsidy funded entirely by Centre, though states implement distribution).
• Legal Right: Gives right to subsidised food grains (5 kg per person per month at ₹2/3/1 for rice/wheat/coarse grains) to 75% rural and 50% urban population.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
• Targeting: Antyodaya Anna Yojana (poorest) and Priority Households.
• Trap: Students often think it is a “Centrally Sponsored” scheme—it is not. The central government bears the entire subsidy cost; states bear only the distribution cost.

Comparison Table: Right-Based Rural Schemes

PM Awas Yojana (Gramin & Urban)

• Gramin (PMAY-G): Target to construct 2.95 crore pucca houses by 2024. Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development.
• Urban (PMAY-U): Target 1.12 crore houses. Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
• Common features: Beneficiary led construction (BLC) model, convergence with Swachh Bharat (toilets) and Ujjwala (LPG).
• Trap: UPSC has asked “which ministry implements PMAY?” Many candidates wrongly answer Housing and Urban Affairs for both; but Gramin is under Rural Development.

2. Health, Nutrition & Social Protection Schemes

Health schemes have gained dramatic importance post-COVID. UPSC tested the nodal ministry for Forest Rights Act (Q7, UPSC 2021) which, while not a health scheme, shares implementation architecture with health programmes (tribal welfare). Here we focus on core health and social protection.

Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY)

• Type: Centrally Sponsored (60:40, 90:10 for NE/Himalayan states).
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
• Implementing Agency: National Health Authority (autonomous body).
• Coverage: Over 10 crore poor families (bottom 40% of population) get ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care.
• Important fact: It subsumed the earlier RSBY (Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana). RSBY was criticised for poor coverage and limited benefit.

Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)

• Type: Central Sector (DBT).
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Women and Child Development.
• Benefit: ₹5,000 in three instalments to pregnant and lactating mothers (first live birth) for partial wage compensation and better nutrition.
• Note: Replaced the earlier Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY).

Comparison Table: Major Cash Transfer Schemes

3. Education, Skill Development & Digital Programmes

Education-related schemes are often tested in linkage with the Right to Education Act (RTE), 2009 and the National Education Policy 2020. UPSC likes matching questions: “Scheme X — Year — Ministry — Target.”

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) → Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (2018)

• Old: SSA (2001) was for universal elementary education.
• New: Samagra Shiksha (2018) subsumes SSA, RMSA (Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan), and Teacher Education – covers from pre-school to Class 12.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Education.
• Type: Centrally Sponsored (60:40).

Digital India (2015)

• Type: Central Sector (flagship).
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
• Key pillars: Broadband highways, public internet access, e-governance (e-Office, DigiLocker), electronics manufacturing.
• Often tested with: BharatNet (formerly NOFN), Common Service Centres (CSCs), UMANG app.

Mnemonic for Core Scheme Families

“RASH DOPE” — Recall for major rural/social cluster ministries:

• R – Rural Development (MGNREGA, PMAY-G)
• A – Agriculture (PM-Kisan, KCC)
• S – Social Justice (scholarships, disability)
• H – Health & Family Welfare (Ayushman)
• D – Drinking Water & Sanitation (Jal Jeevan, Swachh Bharat)
• O – Other (Food & Public Distribution – NFSA)
• P – Panchayati Raj (Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan)
• E – Education (Samagra Shiksha)

This mnemonic helps you quickly recall which ministry to associate with a given scheme. For example, a question saying “Which ministry launched the SAMRIDH scheme for startups?” – you can guess it is MeitY (Digital India umbrella).

4. Environmental & Tribal Welfare Schemes

This section is directly relevant because PYQ Q7 asked about the nodal ministry for the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006. The FRA is not a “scheme” in the typical sense—it is a law that recognises rights of forest-dwelling communities. However, its implementation is monitored through schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana (for Minor Forest Produce) and Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA).

Forest Rights Act, 2006

• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Tribal Affairs (tested in UPSC 2021).
• Purpose: Recognises individual (titles) and community rights over forest land, including right to collect Minor Forest Produce (MFP).
• Implementation: Claims are processed by Gram Sabha, then State-level committees. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is also involved but is not the nodal ministry—common trap.
• Related schemes: Van Dhan Yojana (tribal MFP value addition) is under Ministry of Tribal Affairs; MSP for MFP is also under the same ministry.

Jal Jeevan Mission (Har Ghar Jal)

• Type: Centrally Sponsored (50:50 for normal states, 90:10 for NE/Himalayan).
• Nodal Ministry: Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, under Ministry of Jal Shakti.
• Target: Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household by 2024.
• Trap: It replaced the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP). Students often confuse it with Swachh Bharat Mission (toilets). Both are under Ministry of Jal Shakti.

5. Financial Inclusion & Micro-Infrastructure Schemes

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)

• Launched: 2014, as part of financial inclusion.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Finance.
• Key features: Zero-balance account, overdraft facility (₹10,000), accidental insurance (₹1 lakh), Rupay debit card.
• Achievement: Over 40 crore accounts opened by 2023. It is often cited in questions about social security coverage.

Atal Pension Yojana (APY)

• Type: Central Sector.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Finance (Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority – PFRDA).
• Target: Unorganised workers; defined pension of ₹1,000-5,000 per month after age 60.
• Note: Replaced the earlier Swavalamban Yojana. Fixed pension amounts are age-linked.

Worked Examples & Applications

We now walk through three PYQs from the given set that are directly relevant to Government Schemes & Programmes. For each, we identify the underlying concept, analyse distractors, and provide a reusable framework.

Example 1 — UPSC 2020

Question: Which part of the Constitution of India declares the ideal of Welfare State?

Choices students saw:

• Fundamental Rights
• Directive Principles of State Policy
• Preamble
• Seventh Schedule

Walkthrough:

1. What the question is testing: The constitutional location of the “welfare state” concept. It assesses understanding of the structure of the Constitution—Parts III, IV, and the Preamble.
2. Why each wrong choice is wrong:
   • Fundamental Rights (Part III) are justiciable and individual-oriented; they do not declare any state ideal.
   • Preamble declares “we the people … constitute into a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic” but does not use the phrase “welfare state”. “Socialist” implies welfare orientation, but the specific ideal of a welfare state is elaborated in the DPSP.
   • Seventh Schedule lists the distribution of legislative powers between Union and States; irrelevant.
3. Why the correct choice is right: The Directive Principles (Part IV, Articles 36–51) require the state to strive for a social order that promotes the welfare of the people. Article 38 explicitly directs the state to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.

Correct answer: Directive Principles of State Policy

Takeaway: Always map abstract concepts (welfare state, social justice, etc.) to specific constitutional parts. The DPSP is the repository of aspirational welfare goals, while Fundamental Rights are enforceable liberties.

Example 2 — UPSC 2021

Question: At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006?

Choices students saw:

• Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
• Ministry of Panchayati Raj
• Ministry of Rural Development
• Ministry of Tribal Affairs

Walkthrough:

1. What the question is testing: Knowledge of administrative allocation for a specific Act. It also tests the distinction between forest management (Environment Ministry) and tribal welfare (Tribal Affairs Ministry).
2. Why each wrong choice is wrong:
   • Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is the custodian of forests and wildlife, but the Forest Rights Act is about recognising rights of forest-dwellers, not forest management itself. Many students pick MoEFCC because the act’s name contains “Forest”. This is a designed trap.
   • Ministry of Panchayati Raj deals with local self-governance in rural areas; FRA involves Gram Sabha but the nodal ministry is not Panchayati Raj.
   • Ministry of Rural Development handles poverty alleviation and rural infrastructure; tribal-specific laws are separate.
3. Why the correct choice is right: The Act was enacted under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, which is the nodal ministry. The ministry issues guidelines, processes claims, and monitors implementation. Tribal welfare is a distinct subject under the Union List (Entry 31 as amended).

Correct answer: Ministry of Tribal Affairs

Takeaway: For any Act or scheme with an explicit target population (tribals, women, SC/ST), identify the dedicated ministry. The “environment vs. tribal” trap appears often—remember that Forest Rights Act prioritises rights of indigenous people over forest conservation.

Example 3 — UPSC 2023

Question: About three-fourths of world's cobalt, a metal required for the manufacture of batteries for electric motor vehicles, is produced by

Choices students saw:

• Argentina
• Botswana
• Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Kazakhstan

Walkthrough:

1. What the question is testing: This is primarily a natural resources/geography question, but it is included in this section because it links to government schemes for electric vehicle (EV) adoption (FAME India, PLI for Advanced Chemistry Cell, etc.). Knowing the source of critical minerals is relevant for policy analysis.
2. Why each wrong choice is wrong:
   • Argentina is a major lithium producer (for batteries), not cobalt.
   • Botswana is known for diamonds, not cobalt.
   • Kazakhstan is a uranium producer.
3. Why the correct choice is right: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) holds over 70% of global cobalt reserves and produces about 73% of the world’s cobalt. This fact is widely reported in the context of supply chain vulnerabilities for EV manufacturing.
4. Connection to schemes: India’s Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) II scheme (under Ministry of Heavy Industries) promotes EVs; the government also launched a Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage to reduce import dependence on cobalt-based batteries (e.g., moving to LFP chemistry). UPSC 2023 has asked directly about cobalt, but in future they might combine with PLI or DPR (Detailed Project Report) on battery recycling.

Correct answer: the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Takeaway: Even geography questions can be linked to current affairs and government schemes. Always think of the policy response to raw material concentration—e.g., PLI for battery manufacturing, National Mineral Policy, and strategic partnerships.

PYQ Trends & Patterns

Examining the provided 10 PYQs (years 2018, 2020, 2021, 2023) in the context of Government Schemes & Programmes reveals several recurring patterns:

• Factual Nodal Ministry Questions: Direct identification of which ministry is responsible for an Act or scheme (Q7 – UPSC 2021). This pattern is stable and likely to recur. The node can be an Act (FRA) or a scheme (e.g., “Nodal ministry for PM-Kisan?”).
• Constitutional Location Questions: Mapping of ideas (welfare state, socialist) to parts of the Constitution (Q6 – UPSC 2020). This appears every few years.
• Statement-Based Matching: Q1 and Q2 (UPSC 2018) and Q5 (UPSC 2021) are statement-based but their exact statements were not fully recoverable. From the structure, they likely asked about pairs of schemes/years or correctness of multiple statements. This is a common format: you are given four statements or pairs and you must identify which are correct. The difficulty is moderate but increased when statements include nuanced details like “Central Sector vs Centrally Sponsored”.
• Interdisciplinary Linkage: Q10 (cobalt) and Q8 (tropical rain forest) show that UPSC weaves schemes into broader GK. For example, a question might ask: “Which Indian scheme aims to reduce the import of cobalt-based batteries?” The answer is PLI for ACC.
• Chronological and Factual Confusion: Questions testing “first” or “original” versions (e.g., Swavalamban → Atal Pension) are common. Q4 (playwrights) and Q9 (Buddhist centre) are from ancient history, not schemes, but they underscore the need for cross-topic revision.

Difficulty trajectory: The questions have become less about simple recall of scheme names and more about functional understanding—who implements, who funds, and what problem the scheme solves. The trend toward matching and statement-based questions requires careful reading.

Frequent traps:

• Confusing Ministry of Rural Development (rural schemes) with Ministry of Panchayati Raj (local governance).
• Mixing Central Sector (fully Centre-funded) with Centrally Sponsored (shared funding).
• Assuming an Act is implemented by the ministry whose name appears in the Act’s context (e.g., Forest Rights Act → Environment Ministry – wrong).

What Else Could Be Asked

Based on the tested PYQs, the following future question angles are plausible. They are extensions or combinatorial variants of already tested concepts.

Common Mistakes & Traps

• Confusing “Centrally Sponsored” with “Central Sector”: The acronym CSS can stand for both, but funding models are opposite. Central Sector = 100% central funding. Centrally Sponsored = shared. Trap: A question stating “Which of the following is a Central Sector scheme?” may list MGNREGA as a distractor—candidates who memorise “MGNREGA is CSS” may wrongly tick it.
• Assuming Ministry of Environment for Forest Rights Act: As seen in Q7, the word “Forest” misleads. Always check the target population: tribals → Tribal Affairs; water → Jal Shakti; health → Health; rural → Rural Development.
• Ignoring renamed/subsumed schemes: UPSC often asks about old names. Example: “Indira Awaas Yojana” was renamed “PM Awas Yojana (Gramin)”. If the question says “Which scheme provided rural housing before 2016?”, the answer is IAY. Similarly, “Swavalamban Yojana” became “Atal Pension Yojana”.
• Mixing Article numbers: Directive Principles (Part IV) vs Fundamental Rights (Part III). The welfare state ideal is in DPSP, not Preamble. Many students remember the Preamble says “socialist” and think that equals welfare state—but welfare state is explicitly in DPSP.
• Overlooking the implementing agency vs nodal ministry: For example, Ayushman Bharat is implemented by National Health Authority, but the nodal ministry is Health & Family Welfare. A question could ask “Which autonomous body implements PM-JAY?” or “Which ministry is responsible for PM-JAY?” Don't confuse.
• Forgetting the rural-urban split: PM Awas Yojana has two wings (Gramin and Urban) under different ministries. A question like “Which ministry implements PMAY?” without specifying rural/urban is ambiguous. Be ready to identify the correct one based on context.

Memory Aids & Mnemonics

1. The “CSS-CS Finisher” Acronym

To avoid confusing Central Sector (CS) and Centrally Sponsored (CSS), use the mnemonic:

“Sponsored States Share” → Centrally Sponsored Schemes have State Share.
“Central Sends All” → Central Sector schemes are funded entirely by the Centre.

Then for gaps:

• CSS – think of “Cost Sharing States” – the state pays a part.
• CS – think of “Centre Supplies” – all money comes from Delhi.

Worked example: Question: Which of the following is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme? Options: PM-Kisan, MGNREGA, Atal Pension Yojana, PM Jan Dhan Yojana.
Using the mnemonic, MGNREGA has state share (60:40) → Centrally Sponsored. Others are Central Sector (100% central). So the answer is MGNREGA.

2. The “FARMER” Chain for Agriculture Schemes

The major agriculture-related schemes can be recalled as:

F – Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs)
A – Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)
R – Risk management (PM Fasal Bima Yojana)
M – Market support (eNAM, PM Kisan Samman Nidhi)
E – Emergency support (PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana during COVID)
R – Research (National Mission on Edible Oils, etc.)

This chain helps you sequence questions like “Which scheme provides risk cover for crop failure?” → PM Fasal Bima Yojana.

3. The “10-10-10” Rule for Key Numbers

Many schemes have a 10 crore beneficiary number or 10 lakh limit. To memorise:

• PM Jan Dhan: 10 crore+ accounts.
• PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana: 80 crore beneficiaries (not 10) so adjust.
  Better: “Jan Dhan 10, Ayushman 10” – Jan Dhan had 10 crore account target; Ayushman covers 10 crore families.

Quick Revision

Introduction

• Government schemes operationalise DPSP welfare goals.
• UPSC tests nodal ministries, funding models, and constitutional linkages.
• 10 PYQs show pattern: factual recall + conceptual clarity.

Core Concepts

• Nodal Ministry is the central department responsible for a scheme.
• Centrally Sponsored (CSS): cost sharing with states.
• Central Sector (CS): fully centrally funded.
• DBT: direct transfer to bank accounts.
• Welfare State ideal in Directive Principles (Part IV) – NOT Preamble.
• Flagship schemes: high priority, renamed/replaced over time.

Major Clusters

• Rural: MGNREGA (Ministry of Rural Development, 60:40), NFSA (Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Central Sector), PMAY-G (Rural Development).
• Health: PM-JAY (Health & Family Welfare, CSS), PMMVY (WCD, CS).
• Tribal & Environment: Forest Rights Act nodal ministry – Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Van Dhan, MSP for MFP same ministry.
• Financial Inclusion: PM Jan Dhan (Finance), Atal Pension (Finance/PERDA).
• Digital: Digital India (MeitY), BharatNet, CSC.

Key Traps

• CSS vs CS: Sponsored = states share; Sector = centre alone.
• Forest Rights Act → Tribal Affairs, not Environment.
• Renamed schemes: IAY → PMAY-G; Swavalamban → APY; RSBY → PM-JAY.
• Rural vs Urban PMAY under different ministries.
• Welfare state in DPSP, not Preamble.

Memory Aids

• “Sponsored States Share” vs “Central Sends All” for CSS/CS.
• “RASH DOPE” for ministries: Rural, Agriculture, Social, Health, Drinking Water, Other (Food), Panchayati, Education.
• FARMER chain for agriculture schemes.

PYQ Patterns

• Nodal ministry questions (direct).
• Constitutional location (DPSP for welfare state).
• Matching pairs of scheme/year/ministry.
• Interdisciplinary: cobalt → PLI for batteries.
• Statement-based questions with nuanced funding details.

Final tip: Build a personal “Scheme Dashboard” table with 5 columns: Name, Year, Ministry, Funding type, Key Fact. Update with each new scheme from Budget and Economic Survey. This dashboard, not blind memorisation, will carry you through the exam.